Group 2's Animal Cell (Nada, Bettina and Iffah)

Group 5 - Red Blood Cell

These are two pictures of the structure of the red blood cell.


Pictures posted by: Group 5 - Mika (1) / Esis (10) / Gui Hou (12) / Shweeta Rai

Group 1's Animal cell ( Yi Ting, Chelsy, Gurveen)

Animal cell

Group 7-xylem vessel (Wong Li Shan, Rachel Tan Sze Min, Atikha, Syahirah.)

                                               XYLEM VESSEL

group 9's root hair cell( stephanie,wendy,ashleigh and huijin)

 root hair cell model

Group 10's Root Hair Cell

This is a root hair cell model.

Group 4 - Plant Cell 3-D Model (by Charmaine Chan, Minkyung, Rachel Lee & Hannah)

Plant Cell Model

Group 6 cell project picture

                                          Red blood cell

group 9 time rate and speed

Measuring Time

Group 8 : Temperature

-Temperature-

____(Group 8)_____

Memebers: JANSEN DARYL ANN(15), JOSCELYN LEW(19), LIN JING YI(20), LEANN SANTA CRUZ(31)____________________________________________________

What is Temperature?

- Temperature is the measurement of how hot or cold an something is.
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment.
- Temperature plays an important role in almost all fields of science, including physics, geology, chemistry, and biology.
____________________

-Units -

_____________

1) Kelvin

- The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (K).
- The freezing point of water in this scale is 0 k and the boiling point is at 273.15 k
- Because there are no lower temperatures than 0 K - the Kelvin scale does not have negative numbers.
- Unit in the Kelvin scale are represented by a (k). There is no degree symbols used for Kelvin.

2) Celsius

- A commonly used unit for temperature is (°C) degree Celsius.
- The boiling point of water is at 0 °C and freezes at 100 °C.

3) Fahrenheit

- In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is widely used. Temperatures measured on this scale are designated as degrees Fahrenheit (° F). The freezing point of water is at 32 °F. The boiling point of water is at 212 °F.'



-Conversions-
_________________________________


- Celsius to Kelvin

Temperature in Kelvin = Temperature in Celsius + 273.15 degrees.


E.g. Normal body temperature (37°C) + 273.15 degrees = Temperature in Kelvin

Temperature in Kelvin = 37.0 + 273.15
= 310.15 k

- Celsius to Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit to Celsius

__________________________________________

-Instruments-

1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer or commonly known as laboratory thermometer

-It can read a range of temperatures from -10°C to 110°C.

- Using the Laboratory thermometer-


1) Set up the tripod stand, Including the retort stand, beaker and bunsen burner.
2) Attach the thermometer to the retort stand. Tighten the screw to secure the thermometer.
3) Place the end of the thermometer half-way inside the beaker. Make sure that it is dipped in the water inside the beaker but not touching the bottom of the apparatus.
4) Interpret the readings. Etched into the body of the thermometer are markings indicating degrees in Fahrenheit and/or Celsius. When reading the thermometer, you should read it at eye level.

2. Mercury-in-glass thermometer

-It can read a range of temperatures from 35°C to 42°C.

3. Infrared thermometer or also known as laser thermometer or non-contact thermometer.
-It is known as a laser thermometer if a laser is used to help aim at the object to take the temperature.
-It can read a range of temperatures from -55°C to 280°C.


4. Digital thermometer
-It is commonly used at home and in schools to measure a person's body temperature.
-It can read a range of temperatures from 35.5°C to 41.1°C

5. Thermocouple

-It is a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and can also be used to convert heat into electric power.
-It can measure a range of temperatures from -200°C to 1200°C.

6. Thermal scanners or known as infrared camera

-It uses infrared radiation to create images.
-During Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or commonly known as SARS and H1N1, thermal scanners were used in airports to take people's temperature.
_________________________________________________


Thermal Imaging
_________________________________

- Thermal imaging displays the amount of infrared energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because of this, it is quite difficult to get an accurate temperature of an object using this method.

- Thermal images include the temperature-measuring kind of thermal imagers called "Radiometric", by those in the business, and "Quantitative" by those mostly in thermal imaging. Because of this, thermal imaging does not give a precise temperature reading.

- An instrument used for thermal imaging is the Thermal imaging camera.

__________________
- References -
______________

http://eo.ucar.edu/skymath/tmp2.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature
http://www.weatherwizkids.com/

Group 2 - Measuring Instruments by Nada Batrisyia, Bettina and Nur Iffah

LENGTH

Conversions between various units of length:

- 1km = 1000m

- 1m = 100cm

- 1cm = 10mm

- 1mm = 1/10cm


- The SI Unit for length is metres.

- These are some of the items to measure length
-Vernier Calipers
  Metre rule

  Measuring Tape

VERNIER CALIPERS

 

- Vernier Calipers are used to measure short lengths and diameters of objects of up to 10cm.

- Vernier calipers give a more accurate result than a metre rule.

ACCURACY OF VERNIER CALIPERS?

- 0.01cm

How to use the vernier calipers?

- Step 1: Close the jaws of the vernier calipers.

-Step 2: Check for any zero error.

- Step 4: Place the object that you want to measure within the jaws of the vernier calipers.

- Step 5: Read the measurement.

METRE RULE

 

- Metre rule is used to measure the length of an object simply by placing one end of the object against the other end of the object.

ACCURACY OF METRE RULE?

- 0.1cm

MEASURING TAPE

 

- Measuring tape is used to measure lengths which are greater than 1 metre in length.

- Some measuring tapes can be as long as 60 metres long.

ACCURACY OF MEASURING TAPE?

- 0.1cm

How to use it?

- Step 1: Pull the tape out of its case.

- Step 2: Note the markings on the tape.

- Step 3: Check the last markings in which your tape stops at.

- Step 4: That will be your final answer.

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS

-Parallax error

Parallax error means the eye not being in the correct positions when taking reading.

You should place your eye vertically above the marking.

Thank you for reading the above items!

(LENGTH) GROUP 1 : Gurveen, Chelsy & Yi ting

LENGTH

The S.I. unit of length is the metre.
The symbol for the metre is m.
We need to measure a wide range of lengths in science.
Measurements of length include measurements of height, depth, width, thickness and circumference. Prefixes are added to the metre to help us quantity the different lengths appropriately.                                                                  

Tape measure-For lengths that are greater than 1m in length a MEASURING TAPE can be used. Measuring tapes come in different lengths, like 60m long.

 Metre rule- for measuring lengths up to one. The metre rule is commonly used in the classroom or laboratory . To measure the length of an object, simply place one end of the object against the zero mark and read off the mark on the rule at the other end of the object.

Conversions between various units of length:
1km=1 000m
1m=100cm
1m=1/1000km
1cm=10mm
1cm=1/100m
1mm=1/10cm

PARALLAX ERROR
 When your eye is in the wrong position for viewing, you may get what is called  a parallax error.

External and Internal caliper- Instead of using a soft measuring tape to measure the external diameter of a round object, we can use external calipers. Internal calipers are used to measure the internal diameters of objects.

VERNIER CALIPERS
Vernier calipers are used to measure short lengths and diameters of objects of up to 10cm. It provides a more accurate measurement than the metre rule. The smallest division on the vernier scale is 0.01 cm, whereas the smallest division on the metre rule is only 0.1cm.

USING THE VERNIER CALIPERS
1. Close the jaws of the vernier calipers. Ensure that the zero marking on the vernier scale is in line with the zero marking on the main scale.

2. Place the object within the jaws of the vernier calipers and clamp it firmly in place.

3. Read the length.

PARTS OF THE VERNIER CALIPER

Tail- Used to measure the depth of  an object/hole

Inside jaws- Used to measure the internal diameter of an object

Outside jaws- Used to measure the external diameter or width of an object

Main scale reading-The main scale gives measurements of up to one decimal place.

Vernier scale reading- The vernier scale gives measurements of up to two decimal places.

 POSITIVE ZERO ERROR
When the jaws of the vernier calipers are closed and the zero marking on the vernier scale falls on the right of the zero marking on the main scale, we have a positive zero error. To determine the value of the positive zero error, close the jaws and look at the vernier scale to see which mark forms a straight line with a mark on the main scale.

NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR
When the jaws of the vernier calipers are closed and the zero marking on the vernier scale falls on the left of the zero marking on main scale, we would have a negative zero error. Similarly, to determine the value of the negative zero error, close the jaws and look for a mark on the vernier scale that coincides with a mark on the main scale.

CHOOSING INSTRUMENTS

Length to be measured   Instrument to use   Accuracy of instrument
Between 0 and 10cm        Vernier calipers      To the nearest 0.01cm
10cm-100cm                        Metre rule                  To the nearest mm
5cm and above                   Measuring tape      To the nearest mm(short lengths)
                                                   or contractor's        To the nearest cm(very long
                                                   rule                                lengths)

 There are two rulers. The one on the left is a 99 cm ruler and the one on the right is a 45 cm ruler.

  

This is a 150 cm soft measuring tape.

This is a 45 cm ruler.

This is the 100 cm/1m ruler, it is used to measure lengths up to one metre.

This is a set of vernier calipers.

  The vernier caliper when it is opened.

  

These are measuring tapes for carpentry often use as a stiff, curved metallic ribbon.

The opening of the vernier caliper.

WE HOPED YOU HAVE LEARNT SOMETHING FROM THIS POST~! THANK YOU!

Group 4 (Minkyung, Charmaine Chan, Rachel Lee & Hannah)

 VOLUME

What is the definition of volume?

Volume is a measure of the space occupied by a substance. The SI unit for volume is cubic meter.

Some other units of measurement for volume include'

  Cubic centimetre

  Cubic millimetre
  Cubic kilometre

To find the volume of regular-shaped objects, the following formula could be used'

  Cube= length x length x lengt
  Cuboid= Length x breadth x height

Below are some of the instruments used for measuring the volume of liquids;

  1.  Measuring flask

  2.  Burette

  3.  Pipette

  4.  Measuring cylinder

  

(1) Measuring Cylinder.

The measuring cylinder has an accuracy of 1 cubic centimetre. (Various volumes)

(2) Burette.

                                                  

A burette has an accuracy of 0.1 cubic centimetre. The burette can only measure a maximum of 100 cubic centimetre of liquid.

(3) Pipette.

                                

The pipette has a fixed volume of 25 cubic centimetre or 50 cubic centimetre.

(4) Measuring flask.

The measuring flask has a fixed volume of 250 cubic centimetre or 500 cubic centimetre.

Besides using the above apparatus, we also can use a beaker, syringe and test tubes.

Meniscus reading

a. The meniscus of most liquids curve downwards.

b. The correct way to read the meniscus is to position your eye such that your eye is at the same level as the meniscus.The mark coresponding to the bottom of the meniscus is taken as the reading.

Measuring the volume of irreregular-shaped objects

Small irregular-shaped objects

a.  Fill a measuring cylinder partially with water and record the initial volume.

b.  Immerse the object into the measuring cylinder gently so that it is all covered.

c.  Record the new volume.

d.  The volume of the object is the initail volume minus the new volume

Large irreregular-shaped objects

a.  Fill the displacement can with water until excess water stops flowing out of its spout into a beaker.

b.  Remove the beaker when the water stops flowing.

c.  Place an empty measuring cylinder below the spout of the displacement can.

d.  Immerse the object into the displacement can gently so that it is completely filled with water.

e.  When the water stops flowing into the measuring cylinder, observe and record the volume of the water displaced by the object and collected into the measuring cylinder.

Results - The volume of the object is the volume of water in the measuring cylinder. 

Group 10-Time and Speed (Group members-,Nizha Arunasalam,Sheryl Wee,Glenda Tan ,Nicole Rolph

Time and speed.
What is Time?
Time is a duration of an event.

The SI unit which is second (s), is used to measure time.Other units are, milliseconds,minutes,hours,days,months and years.

When we measure time we use-

1) Clock

2)Stopwatch

3)Watches
4)stopclock

The stopwatch is a great example of an accurate measurement. We can either use the electronic or mechanical one.

Using the mechanical stopwatch only takes two steps.
1)You just have to press the start/stopbutton to start the stopwatch and press it again to stop the timing.

2)You can also press the reset button to of course reset the timing .

Unlike the mechanical stopwatch the electronic stopwatch can also record the time interval in hours. To take readings we can simply read off the digital display.

To use the electronic stopwatch we have to

1)Press the Start/Stop button to start the stopwatch and again to stop the timing.

2) Reset the stopwatch by pressing the reset button.
_______________________________________________

Speed.

-Speed is the rate in which a distance is covered over an amount of time.

The S.I Unit for speed is metre per second(m/s).

Other Common units of speed are:-

1) centimetre per second(cm/s)
2) kilometre per hour(km/h)

3) miles per hour (mph)
__________________________________________________

Because speed may vary over the duration of the journey,we use average speed to simplify calculation

To find the average speed we divide the total distance over the total time.

Average speed= total distance__
                          Total time taken

The instruments used to measure speed are:-

1) Speedometer (in all cars)

2) Anemometer (the speed for wind)

Hope you have learnt more about speed and time.

Thank you!~
By the members of Group 10, Nizha, Sheryl, Glenda and Nicole.